Leica S4E & S8APO

1. Introduction

This page contains my personal notes for the Leica S8APO & S4E stereo microscopes. Being my personal notes, the content here isn't terribly polished; however, I've gone ahead and published it anyhow in hope someone might find it useful.

2. Microscope Symbols & Formulas

2.1. Variables

Table 1: Symbols & Formulas
Variable	Description	Units	Notes
$S_{MAG}$	Magnification At Sensor	Ratio
$S_{FOVh}$	Sensor Horizontal Field Of View	mm
$S_{FOVv}$	Sensor Vertical Field Of View	mm
$I_{SCLh}$	Image Horizontal Scale	Pixel/mm
$I_{SCLv}$	Image Vertical Scale	Pixel/mm
$S_w$	Sensor Physical Width	mm
$S_h$	Sensor Physical Height	mm
$S_d$	Sensor Physical Diagonal	mm
$S_A$	Sensor Physical Area	square mm
$I_w$	Image/Sensor Pixel Width	pixel
$I_h$	Image/Sensor Pixel Height	pixel
$I_{MP}$	Total number of Image/Sensor Pixels	Megapixel
$L_s$	Length At Sensor	mm
$L_o$	Object Length	mm
$A$	Auxiliary	Ratio
$Z$	Zoom	Ratio
$O_c$	Camera Objective	Ratio	camera relay lens, camera port lens
$O_d$	Camera Objective Image Circle Diameter	mm
$P_w$	Sensor Pixel Width	mm
$P_h$	Sensor Pixel Height	mm
$P_{AR}$	Pixel Aspect Ratio	Ratio
$V_{FOV}$	Visual Field Of View	mm
$E_{FN}$	Eyepiece Field Number	mm
$E_{MAG}$	Eyepiece magnification	Ratio
$V_{MAG}$	Visual Magnification	Ratio
$R_c$	Reticle Unit Conversion Factor	mm/Ru	$1\,\mathrm{Ru}=1\,\mathrm{mmu}$ @ $Z=1$ & $A=1$
$R_s$	Reticle Scale	mm/Ru
$L_R$	Length in Reticle Units	Ru
$I_{AR}$	Image Aspect Ratio	Ratio
$P_{IJSPAR}$	ImageJ Scale Pixel Aspect Ratio	Ratio
$W$	Working Distance	mm

2.2. Formulas

Image/Sensor magnification: \[S_{MAG} = \frac{L_s}{L_o} = A \cdot Z \cdot O_c\]
Image/Sensor Horizontal Field Of View: \[S_{FOVh} = \frac{\min(O_d, S_w)}{S_{MAG}}\]
Image/Sensor Vertical Field Of View: \[S_{FOVv} = \frac{\min(O_d, S_h)}{S_{MAG}}\]
Image/Sensor Horizontal Scale: \[I_{SCLh} = \frac{S_{MAG} \cdot I_w}{S_w} = \frac{S_{MAG}}{P_w}\]
Image/Sensor Vertical Scale: \[I_{SCLv} = \frac{S_{MAG} \cdot I_h}{S_h} = \frac{S_{MAG}}{P_h}\]
Visual magnification: \[V_{MAG} = A \cdot Z \cdot E_{MAG}\]
Visual Field Of View: \[V_{FOV} = \frac{E_{FN}}{A \cdot Z}\]
Reticle Scale: \[\frac{R_c}{Z \cdot A}\]
Reticle Length Measurements: \[\mathrm{Length}=R_s \cdot L_R\]
Sensor Diagonal length: \[S_d = \sqrt{S_w^2 + S_h^2}\]
Sensor Pixel Width: \[P_w = \frac{S_w}{I_w}\]
Sensor Pixel Height: \[P_h = \frac{S_h}{I_h}\]
Pixel Aspect Ratio: \[P_{AR} = \frac{P_w}{P_h} = \frac{S_w \cdot I_h}{I_w \cdot S_h}\]
Image Aspect Ratio: \[I_{AR} = \frac{I_w}{I_h}\]
ImageJ Scale Pixel Aspect Ratio: \[P_{IJSPAR} = \frac{1}{P_{AR}}\]

3. S4E

3.1. Magnification and FOV at Various Zoom Levels With 10x/23 Eyepiece

Table 2: S4E – Magnification and FOV at Various Zoom Levels With 10x/23 Eyepiece
	$A=$	$W=$	$A=$	$W=$	$A=$	$W=$	$A=$	$W=$	$A=$	$W=$
	$0.5\times$	$200\,\mathrm{mm}$	$0.75\times$	$130\,\mathrm{mm}$	$1.0\times$	$110\,\mathrm{mm}$	$1.6\times$	$55\,\mathrm{mm}$	$2.0\times$	$35\,\mathrm{mm}$
$Z$	$E_{MAG}$	$V_{FOV}$	$E_{MAG}$	$V_{FOV}$	$E_{MAG}$	$V_{FOV}$	$E_{MAG}$	$V_{FOV}$	$E_{MAG}$	$V_{FOV}$
0.63	3.15	73.02	4.72	48.68	6.30	36.51	10.08	22.82	12.60	18.25
0.80	4.00	57.50	6.00	38.33	8.00	28.75	12.80	17.97	16.00	14.38
1.00	5.00	46.00	7.50	30.67	10.00	23.00	16.00	14.38	20.00	11.50
1.25	6.25	36.80	9.38	24.53	12.50	18.40	20.00	11.50	25.00	9.20
1.60	8.00	28.75	12.00	19.17	16.00	14.38	25.60	8.98	32.00	7.19
2.00	10.00	23.00	15.00	15.33	20.00	11.50	32.00	7.19	40.00	5.75
2.50	12.50	18.40	18.75	12.27	25.00	9.20	40.00	5.75	50.00	4.60
3.00	15.00	15.33	22.50	10.22	30.00	7.67	48.00	4.79	60.00	3.83

3.2. Reticle Scale, Magnification, and FOV at Zoom Stops With 10x/23 Eyepiece

Table 3: S4E – Reticle Scale, Magnification, and FOV at Zoom Stops With 10x/23 Eyepiece
$A$	$Z$	$E_{MAG}$	$E_{FN}$	$R_s$	$V_{MAG}$	$V_{FOV}$
0.50	0.63	10	23	3.17460	3.15	73.02
0.50	3.00	10	23	0.66667	15.00	15.33
0.75	0.63	10	23	2.11640	4.72	48.68
0.75	3.00	10	23	0.44444	22.50	10.22
1.00	0.63	10	23	1.58730	6.30	36.51
1.00	3.00	10	23	0.33333	30.00	7.67
1.60	0.63	10	23	0.99206	10.08	22.82
1.60	3.00	10	23	0.20833	48.00	4.79
2.00	0.63	10	23	0.79365	12.60	18.25
2.00	3.00	10	23	0.16667	60.00	3.83

4. S8APO

4.1. Magnification and FOV at Various Zoom Levels With 10x/23 Eyepiece

Table 4: S8APO – Magnification and FOV at Various Zoom Levels With 10x/23 Eyepiece
	$A=$	$W=$	$A=$	$W=$	$A=$	$W=$	$A=$	$W=$
	$0.32\times$	$200\,\mathrm{mm}$	$0.63\times$	$101\,\mathrm{mm}$	$1.0\times$	$75\,\mathrm{mm}$	$2.0\times$	$25\,\mathrm{mm}$
$Z$	$V_{MAG}$	$V_{FOV}$	$V_{MAG}$	$V_{FOV}$	$V_{MAG}$	$V_{FOV}$	$V_{MAG}$	$V_{FOV}$
1.0	3.2	71.88	6.30	36.51	10.0	23.00	20	11.50
1.25	4.0	57.50	7.88	29.21	12.5	18.40	25	9.20
1.6	5.1	44.92	10.08	22.82	16.0	14.38	32	7.19
2.0	6.4	35.94	12.60	18.25	20.0	11.50	40	5.75
2.5	8.0	28.75	15.75	14.60	25.0	9.20	50	4.60
3.2	10.2	22.46	20.16	11.41	32.0	7.19	64	3.59
4.0	12.8	17.97	25.20	9.13	40.0	5.75	80	2.88
5.0	16.0	14.38	31.50	7.30	50.0	4.60	100	2.30
6.3	20.2	11.41	39.69	5.79	63.0	3.65	126	1.83
8.0	25.6	8.98	50.40	4.56	80.0	2.88	160	1.44

4.2. Reticle Scale, Magnification, and FOV at Zoom Stops With 10x/23 Eyepiece

Table 5: S8APO – Reticle Scale, Magnification, and FOV at Zoom Stops With 10x/23 Eyepiece
$A$	$Z$	$E_{MAG}$	$E_{FN}$	$R_s$	$V_{MAG}$	$V_{FOV}$
0.32	1	10	23	3.12500	3.20	71.88
0.32	8	10	23	0.39062	25.60	8.98
0.63	1	10	23	1.58730	6.30	36.51
0.63	8	10	23	0.19841	50.40	4.56
1.00	1	10	23	1.00000	10.00	23.00
1.00	8	10	23	0.12500	80.00	2.88
2.00	1	10	23	0.50000	20.00	11.50
2.00	8	10	23	0.06250	160.00	1.44

4.3. Numerical Aperture With No Auxiliary Lens

Table 6: S8APO Numerical Aperture
Zoom	NA
1.0	0.026
1.25	0.031
1.6	0.038
2.0	0.046
2.5	0.056
3.2	0.069
4.0	0.081
5.0	0.093
6.3	0.100
8.0	0.100

4.4. Leica C-Mount Video Objective Data

Table 7: Leica C-Mount Video Objective Data
Leica Part #	Leica Part Name	Mag	$O_d$	Notes	Ref
10445928	Leica Video Objective $0.32\times$	0.32	6.7	Estimated $O_d$	co32
10450528	Leica Video Objective $0.5\times$	0.50	10.5	Measured $O_d$	co50
10447367	Leica Video Objective $0.63\times$	0.63	13.2	Estimated $O_d$	co63
10446307	Leica Video Objective $0.8\times$	0.80	16.8	Estimated $O_d$	co80

Note the image circles are all the same size at the sensor for a particular video objective, but FOV will change with the auxiliary & video objective.

With $O_d=0.5\times$ we can capture the full image circle with a Micro Four Thirds (Olympus OM-D E-M1 Mark II) sensor, but only about 37% of the image circle with an IMX477 (RPI HQ) sensor. Note that about 65% of the Micro Four Thirds sensor is outside the image circle – i.e. wasted pixels.

Table 8: Image Circles with $O_d=0.5\times$
	$Z=1$	$Z=8$
$A=0.63$
$A=1.00$

With $O_d=0.32\times$ the image circle shrinks, and now we can capture about 76% of the image circle with an IMX477 (RPI HQ); however, about 3% percent of the sensor is outside the image circle – i.e. wasted sensor pixels. Note that with the smaller image circle the Micro Four Thirds sensor is even less efficiently used with about 84% of the sensor pixels wasted.

Table 9: Image Circles with $O_d=0.32\times$
	$Z=1$	$Z=8$
$A=0.63$
$A=1.00$

4.5. Attaching Cameras

The Leica documentation suggests using a chain of adapters for attaching a generic digital camera. The first part of the chain is one of the following three parts: 10447436 1.6× DSLR tube, 10446175 2.5× DSLR tube, or 10445930 1.0× video/photo objective. Next will be one or more adapters for your camera. The result can be a tower of adapters taller than your microscope! For cameras with large sensors, this really is the only way to go. An excellent write-up for this approach may be found here. A good discussion on MicrobeHunter.com may found here.

For cameras with Micro Four Thirds and smaller sensors, a simpler approach is connect your camera via a c-mount adapter to one of Leica's "C-Mount Video Objectives": 10445928 $0.32\times$, 10450528 $0.5\times$, 10447367 $0.63\times$, or 10446307 $0.8\times$. These adapters are intended to be used with Leica's microscope cameras, but they will work with any c-mount camera – including your SLR with a c-mount adapter.

With the $0.5\times$ objective one will obtain a nice 10.5mm image circle which is just about perfect for whole field imaging with the 13mm tall sensor in a Micro Four Thirds camera.

I use two cameras with my S8APO:

Olympus OM-D E-M1 Mark II with a $0.5\times$ or $0.32\times$ video objective
A DIY solution with a Raspberry Pi & Raspberry Pi HQ Camera attached to a $0.32\times$ video objective.

4.6. Camera FOV & Image Scales

Table 10: Camera FOV & Image Scales
					RPI					OLY
$A$	$Z$	$O_c$	$O_d$	$S_{MAG}$	$P_{IJSPAR}$	$I_{SCLh}$	$I_{SCLv}$	$S_{FOVh}$	$S_{FOVv}$	$P_{IJSPAR}$	$I_{SCLh}$	$I_{SCLv}$	$S_{FOVh}$	$S_{FOVv}$
0.63	1	0.50	10.5	0.32	1.0000000	203.23	203.23	19.96	14.96	0.9961686	93.85	94.21	33.33	33.33
0.63	8	0.50	10.5	2.52	1.0000000	1625.81	1625.81	2.49	1.87	0.9961686	750.79	753.67	4.17	4.17
1.00	1	0.50	10.5	0.50	1.0000000	322.58	322.58	12.57	9.42	0.9961686	148.97	149.54	21.00	21.00
1.00	8	0.50	10.5	4.00	1.0000000	2580.65	2580.65	1.57	1.18	0.9961686	1191.72	1196.31	2.62	2.62
2.00	1	0.50	10.5	1.00	1.0000000	645.16	645.16	6.29	4.71	0.9961686	297.93	299.08	10.50	10.50
2.00	8	0.50	10.5	8.00	1.0000000	5161.29	5161.29	0.79	0.59	0.9961686	2383.45	2392.62	1.31	1.31

5. S4 and S8 Magnification Coverage

Various magnifications may be reached with different combinations of eyepiece, power, & auxiliary lens.

green: Full APO
yellow: Achro but not APO
pink: Unspecified distortion (might not even be Acro)
red: I don't have equipment for this
black: Not possible

S/EPxA	003	004	005	006	008	010	013	016	020	026	032	040	050	064	080	100	128	160	200	256	320	400	500	640
S4/10x0.50
S8/10x0.32
S4/10x0.75
S4/16x0.50
S4/10x1.00
S8/10x0.63
S8/10x0.75
S4/25x0.50
S4/10x1.60
S8/10x1.00
S4/20x1.00
S4/10x2.00
S8/20x0.63
S4/16x1.60
S8/16x1.00
S4/20x1.60
S8/10x2.00
S4/25x1.60
S8/25x1.00
S8/16x2.00
S4/40x1.60
S8/40x1.00
S8/25x2.00
S8/40x2.00

6. Reticle Unit Conversion Software For free42 and DM42

The computational part of this code is trivial. The value of the program really is in the settings menus – allowing the user to quickly change equipment settings and convert measurements.

The code as-is will work pretty well for people using an S8APO or S4E scope with a 10x EP and standard reticle; however, users with diffrent equipment will want to modify the settings menus.

6.1. The menu

Table 11: Application Menu
Key	Without `[SHIFT]`	With `[SHIFT]`	Notes
`A`	Store A	Display A	Stored in variable "mrcvA"
`Z`	Store Z	Display Z	Stored in variable "mrcvZ"
`Rc`	Store Rc	Display Rc	Stored in variable "mrcvRc"
`▒▒▒▒`
`▒▒▒▒`
`CONV`	Convert from Reticle Units	Convert from Reticle Units
`8;.32`	Leica S8APO; Z=1.00x; A=0.32x aux	Leica S8APO; Z=8.00x; A=0.32x aux
`8;.63`	Leica S8APO; Z=1.00x; A=0.63x aux	Leica S8APO; Z=8.00x; A=0.63x aux
`8;1`	Leica S8APO; Z=1.00x; A=1.00x (no aux)	Leica S8APO; Z=8.00x; A=1.00x (no aux)
`8;1.6`	Leica S8APO; Z=1.00x; A=1.60x aux	Leica S8APO; Z=8.00x; A=1.60x aux
`8;2`	Leica S8APO; Z=1.00x; A=2.00x aux	Leica S8APO; Z=8.00x; A=2.00x aux
`ZZZ`	Leica S8APO; Z=1.00x; A=NO CHANGE	Leica S8APO; Z=8.00x; A=NO CHANGE
`4;.32`	Leica S4; Z=0.63x; A=0.32x aux	Leica S4; Z=3.00x; A=0.32x aux
`4;.5`	Leica S4; Z=0.63x; A=0.50x aux	Leica S4; Z=3.00x; A=0.50x aux
`4;.63`	Leica S4; Z=0.63x; A=0.63x aux	Leica S4; Z=3.00x; A=0.63x aux
`4;.75`	Leica S4; Z=0.63x; A=0.75x aux	Leica S4; Z=3.00x; A=0.75x aux
`4;1`	Leica S4; Z=0.63x; A=1.00x (no aux)	Leica S4; Z=3.00x; A=1.00x (no aux)
`4;1.6`	Leica S4; Z=0.63x; A=1.60x aux	Leica S4; Z=3.00x; A=1.60x aux

6.2. The code

The code below may be cut-n-pasted the code below into free42. Alternately the raw file from github.

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ (MRCONV)
@@@@ DSC: Convert Reticle Units to Physical Units
LBL "MRCONV"

LBL 01           @@@@ Conversion & Variable Menu Page
CLMENU
"A"
KEY 1 XEQ 11
"Z"
KEY 2 XEQ 12
"Rc"
KEY 3 XEQ 13
"CONV"
KEY 6 XEQ 14
KEY 7 GTO 03
KEY 8 GTO 02
KEY 9 GTO 00
MENU
STOP
GTO 01

LBL 02           @@@@ Quick Settings Menu Page #1
CLMENU
"8;.32"            @@@@ Setting: S8 with 0.32x aux
KEY 1 GTO 20       
"8;.63"            @@@@ Setting: S8 with 0.63x aux
KEY 2 GTO 21       
"8;1"              @@@@ Setting: S8 with no aux
KEY 3 GTO 22       
"8;1.6"            @@@@ Setting: S8 with 1.6x aux
KEY 4 GTO 23       
"8;2"              @@@@ Setting: S8 with 2x aux
KEY 5 GTO 24       
"ZZZ"              @@@@ Setting: Toggle Zoom
KEY 6 XEQ 25
KEY 7 GTO 01
KEY 8 GTO 03
KEY 9 GTO 00
MENU
STOP
GTO 02

LBL 03           @@@@ Quick Settings Menu Page #2
CLMENU
"4;.32"            @@@@ Setting: S4 with 0.32x aux
KEY 1 GTO 30       
"4;.5"             @@@@ Setting: S4 with 0.5x aux
KEY 2 GTO 31       
"4;.63"            @@@@ Setting: S4 with 0.63x aux
KEY 3 GTO 32       
"4;.75"            @@@@ Setting: S4 with 0.75x aux
KEY 4 GTO 33       
"4;1"              @@@@ Setting: S4 with no aux
KEY 5 GTO 34       
"4;1.6"            @@@@ Setting: S4 with 1.6x aux
KEY 6 XEQ 35
KEY 7 GTO 02
KEY 8 GTO 01
KEY 9 GTO 00
MENU
STOP
GTO 03

LBL 00           @@@@ Application Exit
EXITALL          
RTN              

LBL 11           @@@@ Code for menu key A
FC? 64           
STO "mrcvA"      
VIEW "mrcvA"     
RTN              
LBL 12           @@@@ Code for menu key Z
FC? 64           
STO "mrcvZ"      
VIEW "mrcvZ"     
RTN              
LBL 13           @@@@ Code for menu key Rc
FC? 64           
STO "mrcvRc"     
VIEW "mrcvRc"    
RTN              
LBL 14           @@@@ Code for menu key CONV
RCL× "mrcvRc"    
RCL÷ "mrcvA"     
RCL÷ "mrcvZ"     
RTN              

LBL 20           @@@@ Code for Setting S8: with 0.32x aux
1                  @@@@ Rc Value
STO "mrcvRc"     
R↓               
0.32               @@@@ A Value
STO "mrcvA"      
GTO 26             @@@@ Set Z Value
LBL 21           @@@@ Code for Setting: S8 with 0.63x aux
1                  @@@@ Rc Value
STO "mrcvRc"     
R↓               
0.63               @@@@ A Value
STO "mrcvA"      
GTO 26             @@@@ Set Z Value
LBL 22           @@@@ Code for Setting: S8 with no aux
1                  @@@@ Rc Value
STO "mrcvRc"     
R↓               
1.00               @@@@ A Value
STO "mrcvA"      
GTO 26             @@@@ Set Z Value
LBL 23           @@@@ Code for Setting: S8 with 1.6x aux
1                  @@@@ Rc Value
STO "mrcvRc"     
R↓               
1.60               @@@@ A Value
STO "mrcvA"      
GTO 26             @@@@ Set Z Value
LBL 24           @@@@ Code for Setting: S8 with 2x aux
1                  @@@@ Rc Value
STO "mrcvRc"     
R↓               
2.00               @@@@ A Value
STO "mrcvA"      
GTO 26             @@@@ Set Z Value
LBL 25           @@@@ Code for Setting: EMPTY
GTO 26             @@@@ Set Z Value

LBL 26 @@@@ Drop X & set the zoom level for S8 Scope
R↓               
FC? 64           
1.0               @@@@ Z Value NO SHIFT
FS? 64           
8.0               @@@@ Z Value SHIFT
STO "mrcvZ"      
GTO 01

LBL 30           @@@@ Code for Setting: S4 with 0.32x aux
1                  @@@@ Rc Value
STO "mrcvRc"     
R↓               
0.32               @@@@ A Value
STO "mrcvA"      
GTO 36             @@@@ Set Z Value
LBL 31           @@@@ Code for Setting: S4 with 0.5x aux
1                  @@@@ Rc Value
STO "mrcvRc"     
R↓               
0.50               @@@@ A Value
STO "mrcvA"      
GTO 36             @@@@ Set Z Value
LBL 32           @@@@ Code for Setting: S4 with 0.63x aux
1                  @@@@ Rc Value
STO "mrcvRc"     
R↓               
0.63               @@@@ A Value
STO "mrcvA"      
GTO 36             @@@@ Set Z Value
LBL 33           @@@@ Code for Setting: S4 with 0.75x aux
1                  @@@@ Rc Value
STO "mrcvRc"     
R↓               
0.75               @@@@ A Value
STO "mrcvA"      
GTO 36             @@@@ Set Z Value
LBL 34           @@@@ Code for Setting: S4 with no aux
1                  @@@@ Rc Value
STO "mrcvRc"     
R↓               
1.00               @@@@ A Value
STO "mrcvA"      
GTO 36             @@@@ Set Z Value
LBL 35           @@@@ Code for Setting: S4 with 1.6x aux
1                  @@@@ Rc Value
STO "mrcvRc"     
R↓               
1.60               @@@@ A Value
STO "mrcvA"      
GTO 36             @@@@ Set Z Value

LBL 36 @@@@ Drop X & Set the zoom level for S4 Scope
R↓               
FC? 64           
0.63               @@@@ Z Value NO SHIFT
FS? 64           
3.0                @@@@ Z Value SHIFT
STO "mrcvZ"      
GTO 01

END

7. S-Series Leica Parts

Table 12: S-Series Leica Parts
	Leica Part #	Leica Part Name
<	<	>
1	10446298	Leica S8 APO
1	10446293	Leica S4 E
2	10447136	10x/23B eyepiece for eyeglasses, fixed
4	10447137	10x/23B eyepiece for eyeglasses, adjustable
	10447138	16x/15B eyepiece for eyeglasses, fixed
	10447139	16x/15B eyepiece for eyeglasses, adjustable
	10446447	Reticle 10 mm/0.1 mm
	10446448	Reticle 5 mm/0.1 mm
	10446449	Reticle 5 mm/0.05 mm
	10447000	Reticle 100 scale intervals / 0.002"
	10447001	Reticle 100 scale intervals / 0.001"
	10447002	Reticle 150 scale intervals / 0.0005"
1	10446334	Achro Auxiliary $0.32\times$ for S8APO, WD 200 mm
1	10446335	APO Auxiliary $0.63\times$ for S8APO, WD 100 mm
	10446336	APO Auxiliary $1.6\times$ for S8APO, WD 37 mm
	10446337	APO Auxiliary $2.0\times$ for S8APO, WD 25 mm
	10446316	Auxiliary $0.32\times$ for S4/S6, WD 300 mm
1	10446318	Auxiliary $0.5\times$ for S4/S6, WD 200 mm
	10446319	Auxiliary $0.63\times$ for S4/S6, WD 155 mm
1	10446320	Auxiliary $0.75\times$ for S4/S6, WD 130 mm
1	10446321	Auxiliary $1.6\times$ for S4/S6, WD 55 mm
1	10446322	Auxiliary $2.0\times$ for S4/S6, WD 35 mm
	10446325	Auxiliary $0.3–0.4\times$ for S4/S6 (Adjustable), WD 200–350mm
	10446323	Auxiliary $0.6–0.75\times$ for S4/S6 (ErgoObjective) WD 77–137mm
	10446324	Lens shield
	10450831	Updated lens shield
1	10445928	Leica Video Objective $0.32\times$
1	10450528	Leica Video Objective $0.5\times$
	10447367	Leica Video Objective $0.63\times$
1	10446307	Leica Video Objective $0.8\times$

8. Image Sensor Data

Table 13: Image Sensor Data
Type	Sensor	$S_w$	$S_h$	$I_w$	$I_h$	$S_d$	$S_A$	$I_{MP}$	$P_w$	$P_h$	$P_{AR}$	$P_{IJSPAR}$	Ref
1/4"	IMX219	3.6800	2.760	3280	2464	4.60	10	8.1	1.122	1.120	1.00163	0.99838	IMX219
1/3.2"	IMX179	3.2880	2.512	3280	2464	4.14	8	8.1	1.002	1.019	0.98328	1.01700	IMX179
1/2.5"	MT9P031	5.7000	4.280	2592	1944	7.13	24	5.0	2.199	2.202	0.99883	1.00117	MT9P031
1/2.3"	Leica mc170	6.1000	4.600	2592	1944	7.64	28	5.0	2.353	2.366	0.99457	1.00546	mc170
1/2.3"	Leica mc190	6.1000	4.600	3648	2736	7.64	28	10.0	1.672	1.681	0.99457	1.00546	mc190
1/2.3"	IMX477 RPI	6.2868	4.712	4056	3040	7.86	29	12.3	1.550	1.550	1.00000	1.00000	RPI
1/1.8"	IMX334	7.9000	4.640	3952	2320	9.16	36	9.2	1.999	2.000	0.99949	1.00051	IMX334
2/3"	IMX264	8.5000	7.100	2464	2056	11.08	60	5.1	3.450	3.453	0.99895	1.00105	IMX264
16mm	film	10.3000	7.400	4120	2960	12.68	76	12.2	2.500	2.500	1.00000	1.00000	16mm
1"	IMX183	13.1300	8.760	5472	3648	15.78	115	20.0	2.399	2.401	0.99924	1.00076	IMX183
1.1"	IMX304	14.2000	10.400	4104	3006	17.60	147	12.3	3.460	3.460	1.00008	0.99992	IMX304
4/3"	OMD EM1 M2	17.4000	13.000	5184	3888	21.72	226	20.2	3.356	3.344	1.00385	0.99617	OLY
APS-C	Nikon D3200	23.2000	15.400	6016	4000	27.85	357	24.1	3.856	3.850	1.00166	0.99834	APSC
35mm	film	36.0000	24.000	14400	9600	43.27	864	138.2	2.500	2.500	1.00000	1.00000	35mm

9. DIY RPI Camera

Figure 1: A live feed from the microscope with a glass scale on the stage.

Figure 2: A good view of the wire management for the camera.

Figure 3: A 30fps live feed illuminated only by my desk lamps. This is an exceptionally bright microscope.

9.1. The Idea

If you have arrived here via direct link, then you might be interested to know that your browser is pointed to the middle of a larger document – my personal stereo microscope notes. While these are my personal notes, I have attempted to expand this section a bit to make it easier to follow for someone wishing to replicate my camera setup.

Microscope cameras with built in image analysis software are pretty cool. Simply connect the camera to your monitor & mouse, and you can do simple image processing and measurement without a computer. These solutions are expensive for what you get, and the analysis software is pretty limited. So I thought, why not build my own? It's just a tiny computer and a camera in a compact case after all. If I used a Raspberry Pi, then I could actually run my favorite image analysis software (Fiji/ImageJ) right on the camera.

9.2. Bill Of Materials

Table 14: Bill Of Materials
Item	Price (US $)
Raspberry Pi 4 Model B - 8 GB RAM	75
Raspberry Pi 4 Pro Mounting Plate for HQ Camera	7
Heatsink Raspberry Pi 4 Case with Dual Fans	26
Raspberry Pi High Quality HQ Camera - 12MP	50
MicroSD Card	15
Micro HDMI to HDMI Cable	12
CanaKit RPI 4 Power Supply with PiSwitch	11
Total	196

9.3. System Setup

Note: These instructions are for the Bullseye based Raspberry Pi OS relased in November of 2021!

9.3.1. Minimal Configuration

The system setup steps I used for my camera will not work for others because I made use of several aspects of my personal home directory configuration others will not have. What follows are simplified configuration steps I believe will for for most people out of the box. The only tricky bit is Fiji because it is such a dynamic project, things change.

#### Refresh packages and update everything
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo reboot
#### Camera packages
sudo apt install -y libcamera-apps
sudo apt install -y libcamera-dev libepoxy-dev libjpeg-dev libtiff5-dev
#### Install my favorite  packages
sudo apt install -y emacs gnuplot maxima sbcl telnet zsh tmux gitk xterm imagemagick nomacs gimp ruby exiv2 git openssl
#### Install & Setup java
sudo apt install -y openjdk-8-jdk
#### Download Fiji software & launcher
cd ~
test -e fiji-nojre.zip || wget 'https://downloads.imagej.net/fiji/latest/fiji-nojre.zip' 
test -e ImageJ.sh || wget 'https://github.com/imagej/imagej2/raw/master/bin/ImageJ.sh'
#### Unpack Fiji
unzip fiji-nojre.zip
#### Put in place ImageJ.sh script (hardwire the install directory)
sed 's/^DIRECTORY=.*/DIRECTORY=~\/Fiji.app/' ImageJ.sh > ~/Fiji.app/ImageJ.sh
chmod a+rx ~/Fiji.app/ImageJ.sh
#### Workaround for a bug in current Fiji
mv ~/Fiji.app/jars/FilamentDetector-1.0.0.jar ~/Fiji.app/jars/FilamentDetector-1.0.0.bad
#### Link ImageJ.sh into /usr/bin/ as ImageJ
sudo ln -s ~/Fiji.app/ImageJ.sh /usr/bin/ImageJ
#### Run Fiji and update *EVERYTHING*
/usr/bin/ImageJ
#### Clone the git repos
cd ~
git clone 'https://github.com/richmit/microscope.git'
git clone 'https://github.com/richmit/imagej.git'
#### Link piSnap to /bin/
sudo ln -s ~/microscope/piSnap.sh /usr/bin/piSnap
chmod a+rx /usr/bin/piSnap
### Link the RPI_tools into Fiji
ln -s ~/imagej/PhilaJ-and-RPI_Tools/RPI_tools.ijm ~/Fiji.app/macros/toolsets/RPI_tools.ijm

9.3.2. My Configuration

Most Unix/Linux users have pretty strong opinions on how to setup a personal working environment. Emacs vs VI anyone? This section documents my personal configuration and is pretty specific to my operating environment. Some differences from the "Minimal Configuration" section above:

Makes use of scripts and data found in my home directory
Uses my environment setup scripts to put piSnap.sh in the right place and link it.
~/bin is where the binaries go
I use my preferred login name for the main account, and remove the 'pi' user from the system
Quite a bit more apt installed software (Emacs, sbcl, maxima, gnuplot, paraview, etc…)
I install the free42 calculator along with some software on the calculator itself.
My primary system for photography and image analysis is a Windows system
- This system has a nice, color corrected 4K monitor, and a couple scanners attached
- Some of the software I use is proprietary and only runs on Windows
- With regard to free software, I run mostly the same stack on Windows (Fiji, GIMP, Imagemagick, Emacs, etc…) in MSYS2

9.3.2.1. System Setup

#### Refresh packages and update everything
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
#### DO: Turn off auto login for pi user
#### DO: Turn on SSH & VNC
sudo reboot
#### Camera packages
sudo apt install -y libcamera-apps
sudo apt install -y libcamera-dev libepoxy-dev libjpeg-dev libtiff5-dev
sudo apt install -y qtbase5-dev libqt5core5a libqt5gui5 libqt5widgets5 qtbase5-dev libqt5core5a libqt5gui5 libqt5widgets5
sudo apt install -y python3-pip libboost-dev libgnutls28-dev openssl meson libglib2.0-dev libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-dev
#### Install my favorite  packages
sudo apt install -y emacs gnuplot maxima sbcl telnet zsh tmux gitk xterm imagemagick nomacs gimp ruby exiv2
#### Install & Setup java
sudo apt install -y openjdk-8-jdk
#### Make local links
for f in ruby perl sbcl; do
  if [ -e /usr/bin/$f ]; then
    sudo ln -s /usr/bin/$f /usr/local/bin/$f
  else
    echo Missing: /usr/bin/$f
  fi
done
#### Create my account
sudo addgroup richmit
sudo adduser --gid 1001 richmit ## use GID from previous command
#### Add me to all the groups the pi user is in -- or at least users that start with pi ;)
sudo usermod -aG `grep '[:,]pi' /etc/group | cut -d: -f3 | tr '[:space:]' , | sed 's/,$//'` richmit
#### Change my shell
sudo usermod -s /usr/bin/zsh richmit
#### Change root's password
sudo passwd root
#### Fix the caps lock key
sudo sh -c 'sed "s/^XKBOPTIONS=.*/XKBOPTIONS=\"ctrl:nocaps\"/" < /etc/default/keyboard > /etc/default/keyboard.new'
sudo chmod a+r /etc/default/keyboard /etc/default/keyboard.new
if diff -q /etc/default/keyboard /etc/default/keyboard.new; then sudo rm /etc/default/keyboard.new; else sudo mv /etc/default/keyboard /etc/default/keyboard.bak_`date +%s`; sudo mv /etc/default/keyboard.new /etc/default/keyboard; fi
#### DO: Add my account to sudo
#### Login with my new account
sudo su - richmit
#### Setup directories & links in $HOME
cd ~
mkdir -p ~/bin
mkdir -p ~/tmp/tmux/sockets
mkdir -p ~/Pictures/pi-cam
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/pi-data/
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/dotfiles/
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/dotfilesSecure/
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/stuff/homeNetwork/
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/stuff/my_ref/
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/stuff/notes/
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/my_prog/learn/ex-ruby/
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/my_prog/lispStuff/lispy/
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/my_prog/MJRdebianPakageTools/
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/my_prog/tmuxStuff/
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/my_prog/UNIXutils/
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/my_prog/utils/
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/my_prog/microscope
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/my_prog/ImageJ
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/my_prog/mpms
mkdir -p ~/synced/world/my_prog/dir-inventory/
mkdir -p ~/synced/core/
mkdir -p ~/synced/Doc2/gadgets/leica_microscopes/
ln -s ~/synced/world ~/world
ln -s ~/synced/core ~/core
#### DO: Sync data from laptop via rsync
#### Setup dotfiles & ~/bin
./world/my_prog/UNIXutils/SelectSetup.rb --loc=HOME; ./world/my_prog/UNIXutils/SetupBin.rb
#### DO: Reboot
#### DO: Login as myself
#### Delete pi user
sudo userdel -r pi
#### DO: Enable automatic login
#### DO: Change hostname to pi-cam
#### DO: Reboot
#### Download Fiji software & launcher
cd ~
test -e fiji-nojre.zip || wget 'https://downloads.imagej.net/fiji/latest/fiji-nojre.zip' 
test -e ImageJ.sh || wget 'https://github.com/imagej/imagej2/raw/master/bin/ImageJ.sh'
#### Unpack Fiji
unzip fiji-nojre.zip
#### Put in place ImageJ.sh script (hardwire the install directory)
sed 's/^DIRECTORY=.*/DIRECTORY=~\/Fiji.app/' ImageJ.sh > ~/Fiji.app/ImageJ.sh
chmod a+rx ~/Fiji.app/ImageJ.sh
#### Workaround for a bug in current Fiji
mv ~/Fiji.app/jars/FilamentDetector-1.0.0.jar ~/Fiji.app/jars/FilamentDetector-1.0.0.bad
#### Run Fiji and update
~/Fiji.app/ImageJ.sh
### Link the RPI_tools into Fiji
ln -s ~/world/my_prog/imagej/PhilaJ-and-RPI_Tools/RPI_tools.ijm ~/Fiji.app/macros/toolsets/RPI_tools.ijm
### Link the PhilaJ into Fiji
ln -s ~/world/my_prog/imagej/PhilaJ-and-RPI_Tools/PhilaJ.ijm ~/Fiji.app/macros/toolsets/PhilaJ.ijm
#### Setup dotfiles & ~/bin -- this time to put ImageJ.sh & ImageJ into ~/bin
./world/my_prog/UNIXutils/SelectSetup.rb --loc=HOME; ./world/my_prog/UNIXutils/SetupBin.rb
#### DO: Add ImageJ.sh to launch menu -- icon in ~/core/icons
#### Install free42 calculator
cd ~
rm -rf ~/free42
git clone 'https://github.com/thomasokken/free42.git'
cd free42/gtk
make BCD_MATH=1 AUDIO_ALSA=1
sudo cp free42dec /usr/local/bin/free42-3.0.6
sudo rm -f /usr/local/bin/free42
sudo ln -s /usr/local/bin/free42-3.0.6 /usr/local/bin/free42
#### DO: Add free42 to launch menu -- icon in ~/core/icons
#### DO: Add piSleep to launch menu -- icon in ~/core/icons
#### DO: Logout
#### DO: Login

9.3.2.2. System Sync

I use rsync to keep data in sync between my camera and primary workstation.

date; echo back-dat-sync;        rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2                  --rsh='ssh' pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/pi-data/                              /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/pi-cam/;
date; echo back-pic-sync;        rsync -rlt --log-format=%f                            --modify-window=2                  --rsh='ssh' pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:Pictures/pi-cam/                             /c/Users/richmit/Pictures/pi-cam/;
date; echo microscope-code;      rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/my_prog/microscope/               pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/my_prog/microscope/;
date; echo imagej-code;          rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/my_prog/imagej/                   pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/my_prog/imagej/;
date; echo dotfiles;             rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/dotfiles/                         pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/dotfiles/;
date; echo dotfilesSecure;       rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/dotfilesSecure/                   pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/dotfilesSecure/;
date; echo homeNetwork;          rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/stuff/homeNetwork/                pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/stuff/homeNetwork/;
date; echo my_ref;               rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/stuff/my_ref/                     pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/stuff/my_ref/;
date; echo notes;                rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/stuff/notes/                      pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/stuff/notes/;
date; echo mpms;                 rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/my_prog/mpms/                     pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/my_prog/mpms/;
date; echo dir-inventory;        rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/my_prog/dir-inventory/            pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/my_prog/dir-inventory/;
date; echo ruby-examples;        rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/my_prog/learn/ex-ruby/            pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/my_prog/learn/ex-ruby/;
date; echo lispy;                rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/my_prog/lispStuff/lispy/          pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/my_prog/lispStuff/lispy/;
date; echo MJRdebianPakageTools; rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/my_prog/MJRdebianPakageTools/     pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/my_prog/MJRdebianPakageTools/;
date; echo tmuxHelper;           rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/my_prog/tmuxHelper/               pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/my_prog/tmuxHelper/;
date; echo UNIXutils;            rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/my_prog/UNIXutils/                pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/my_prog/UNIXutils/;
date; echo utils;                rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/world/my_prog/utils/                    pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/world/my_prog/utils/;
date; echo core;                 rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/core/                                   pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/core/;
date; echo leicaS8APO-docs;      rsync -rlt --log-format=%f --delete --delete-excluded --modify-window=2 --exclude '.git' --rsh='ssh' /c/Users/richmit/Documents/reading/Doc2/gadgets/leica_microscopes/ pi-cam.home.mitchr.me:synced/Doc2/leica_microscopes/;
date

9.4. RPI Software

My goals:

ImageJ/Fiji
- Capture images directly from ImageJ/Fiji so I can immediately preform an image analysis
- Setting image scale needs to be easy because measuring lengths is my #1 application
- Identical UI between Windows and RPI
- The software should be fully integrated into PhilaJ (an extensive set of ImageJ/Fiji macros for philatelic image analysis)
- The microscope functionality should be available without the bulk of the PhilaJ user interface for people not interested in philately.
CLI
- Needs to integrate will with ImageJ/Fiji so that it is easy to load them in ImageJ/Fiji later
- Completely indipendant of the ImageJ/Fiji software
- As simple as possible with minimal external requirements – just the RPI CLI image tools and basic shell stuff
General Requirements
- Optionally show a preview before capture
- See a live view from the camera & control the size of the preview
- Capture sequences of related images, and name so they are grouped together
- Put captured images in a known directory with a standard naming convention so that it is simple to orginize and sync data between camear and computers

9.4.1. RPI Image Capture Script

This script is pretty simple. It provides a way to capture one or more images outside of ImageJ/Fiji, but in a way compatible with the ImageJ/Fiji macros provided below. I almost always have ImageJ/Fiji running on my camera, so I don't end us uping this cript much; however, it is still nice to have around.

Take a snapshot using the Raspberry Pi HQ Camera and save it in a standard way

Use: piSnap.sh [options]
  Options:
    -p        Preview!  No images are captured. Other arguments are ignored
    -k        Show a preview, and capture when [enter] is pressed.
              Without -k an image is immediatly captured with no preview
    -s        Show image after capture with nomacs
    -a ANNO   Annotation: Used to identify the capture.
              Adds a "-ANNOTATION" component to the captured filename.
              See the "File Names" section below
    -g GROUP  Group name -- used for grouping similar captures.
              Adds a "_GROUP" component to the captured filename
              See the "File Names" section below
    -v        Verbose mode
    -f        Fake Capture Mode that uses convert instead of libcamera-still
              Used for debugging.  Most useful when combined with -v.
    -b BIN    Full path to the libcamera-still binary
              Default: /usr/bin/libcamera-still
    -d DIR    Directory to store captured images.
              Default: $HOME/Pictures/pi-cam
              Note: The related ImageJ/Fiji macro expects the default value!
    -e ENC    File format: jpg, bmp, gif, png, rgb
              Default: jpg
  File Names
    Image names are like: YYYYMMDDHHMMSS_GROUP-ANNOTATION.ENC
                          |              |     |
                          |              |     File Annoation
                          |              Group Name
                          date/time stamp
      - The "_GROUP" component of the name will not be pressent
        if the -g option was not provided.
      - The "-ANNOTATION" component of the name will not be pressent
        if the -a option was not provided.
      - The -a and -g arguments are translated automatically into
        something suitable:
          - Non-alphanumeric characters are converted to underscores.
          - Leading underscores and dashes are removed
          - The -g argument has all dashes removed

Part of the setup instructions above install this script.

The script can be found on github: https://github.com/richmit/microscope

9.4.2. ImageJ/Fiji Toolset/Macros

The ImageJ/Fiji toolset, called "RPI_tools", is actually a direct copy my "PhilaJ" software with an alternative, stripped down user interface that only exposes the microscope functionality. That is to say, the only difference between "RPI_tools" and "PhilaJ" is the ImageJ/Fiji toolset code the exposes the functionality to the end user. Full documentation may be found here:

https://richmit.github.io/imagej/PhilaJ.html#rpi-tools

The setup instructions above install this package into Fiji. You can find the code on github:

https://github.com/richmit/imagej

Author:	Mitch Richling
Updated:	2024-09-17

	\(Z=1\)	\(Z=8\)
\(A=0.63\)
\(A=1.00\)

	\(Z=1\)	\(Z=8\)
\(A=0.63\)
\(A=1.00\)

Variable	Description	Units	Notes
\(S_{MAG}\)	Magnification At Sensor	Ratio
\(S_{FOVh}\)	Sensor Horizontal Field Of View	mm
\(S_{FOVv}\)	Sensor Vertical Field Of View	mm
\(I_{SCLh}\)	Image Horizontal Scale	Pixel/mm
\(I_{SCLv}\)	Image Vertical Scale	Pixel/mm
\(S_w\)	Sensor Physical Width	mm
\(S_h\)	Sensor Physical Height	mm
\(S_d\)	Sensor Physical Diagonal	mm
\(S_A\)	Sensor Physical Area	square mm
\(I_w\)	Image/Sensor Pixel Width	pixel
\(I_h\)	Image/Sensor Pixel Height	pixel
\(I_{MP}\)	Total number of Image/Sensor Pixels	Megapixel
\(L_s\)	Length At Sensor	mm
\(L_o\)	Object Length	mm
\(A\)	Auxiliary	Ratio
\(Z\)	Zoom	Ratio
\(O_c\)	Camera Objective	Ratio	camera relay lens, camera port lens
\(O_d\)	Camera Objective Image Circle Diameter	mm
\(P_w\)	Sensor Pixel Width	mm
\(P_h\)	Sensor Pixel Height	mm
\(P_{AR}\)	Pixel Aspect Ratio	Ratio
\(V_{FOV}\)	Visual Field Of View	mm
\(E_{FN}\)	Eyepiece Field Number	mm
\(E_{MAG}\)	Eyepiece magnification	Ratio
\(V_{MAG}\)	Visual Magnification	Ratio
\(R_c\)	Reticle Unit Conversion Factor	mm/Ru	\(1\,\mathrm{Ru}=1\,\mathrm{mmu}\) @ \(Z=1\) & \(A=1\)
\(R_s\)	Reticle Scale	mm/Ru
\(L_R\)	Length in Reticle Units	Ru
\(I_{AR}\)	Image Aspect Ratio	Ratio
\(P_{IJSPAR}\)	ImageJ Scale Pixel Aspect Ratio	Ratio
\(W\)	Working Distance	mm

	\(A=\)	\(W=\)	\(A=\)	\(W=\)	\(A=\)	\(W=\)	\(A=\)	\(W=\)	\(A=\)	\(W=\)
	\(0.5\times\)	\(200\,\mathrm{mm}\)	\(0.75\times\)	\(130\,\mathrm{mm}\)	\(1.0\times\)	\(110\,\mathrm{mm}\)	\(1.6\times\)	\(55\,\mathrm{mm}\)	\(2.0\times\)	\(35\,\mathrm{mm}\)
\(Z\)	\(E_{MAG}\)	\(V_{FOV}\)	\(E_{MAG}\)	\(V_{FOV}\)	\(E_{MAG}\)	\(V_{FOV}\)	\(E_{MAG}\)	\(V_{FOV}\)	\(E_{MAG}\)	\(V_{FOV}\)
0.63	3.15	73.02	4.72	48.68	6.30	36.51	10.08	22.82	12.60	18.25
0.80	4.00	57.50	6.00	38.33	8.00	28.75	12.80	17.97	16.00	14.38
1.00	5.00	46.00	7.50	30.67	10.00	23.00	16.00	14.38	20.00	11.50
1.25	6.25	36.80	9.38	24.53	12.50	18.40	20.00	11.50	25.00	9.20
1.60	8.00	28.75	12.00	19.17	16.00	14.38	25.60	8.98	32.00	7.19
2.00	10.00	23.00	15.00	15.33	20.00	11.50	32.00	7.19	40.00	5.75
2.50	12.50	18.40	18.75	12.27	25.00	9.20	40.00	5.75	50.00	4.60
3.00	15.00	15.33	22.50	10.22	30.00	7.67	48.00	4.79	60.00	3.83

	\(A=\)	\(W=\)	\(A=\)	\(W=\)	\(A=\)	\(W=\)	\(A=\)	\(W=\)
	\(0.32\times\)	\(200\,\mathrm{mm}\)	\(0.63\times\)	\(101\,\mathrm{mm}\)	\(1.0\times\)	\(75\,\mathrm{mm}\)	\(2.0\times\)	\(25\,\mathrm{mm}\)
\(Z\)	\(V_{MAG}\)	\(V_{FOV}\)	\(V_{MAG}\)	\(V_{FOV}\)	\(V_{MAG}\)	\(V_{FOV}\)	\(V_{MAG}\)	\(V_{FOV}\)
1.0	3.2	71.88	6.30	36.51	10.0	23.00	20	11.50
1.25	4.0	57.50	7.88	29.21	12.5	18.40	25	9.20
1.6	5.1	44.92	10.08	22.82	16.0	14.38	32	7.19
2.0	6.4	35.94	12.60	18.25	20.0	11.50	40	5.75
2.5	8.0	28.75	15.75	14.60	25.0	9.20	50	4.60
3.2	10.2	22.46	20.16	11.41	32.0	7.19	64	3.59
4.0	12.8	17.97	25.20	9.13	40.0	5.75	80	2.88
5.0	16.0	14.38	31.50	7.30	50.0	4.60	100	2.30
6.3	20.2	11.41	39.69	5.79	63.0	3.65	126	1.83
8.0	25.6	8.98	50.40	4.56	80.0	2.88	160	1.44

Leica Part #	Leica Part Name	Mag	\(O_d\)	Notes	Ref
10445928	Leica Video Objective \(0.32\times\)	0.32	6.7	Estimated \(O_d\)	co32
10450528	Leica Video Objective \(0.5\times\)	0.50	10.5	Measured \(O_d\)	co50
10447367	Leica Video Objective \(0.63\times\)	0.63	13.2	Estimated \(O_d\)	co63
10446307	Leica Video Objective \(0.8\times\)	0.80	16.8	Estimated \(O_d\)	co80